Add content from: Research Update: Enhanced src/binary-exploitation/libc-heap/...

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src/binary-exploitation/libc-heap/off-by-one-overflow.md

@@ -73,6 +73,40 @@ This image explains perfectly the attack:
 
 <figure><img src="../../images/image (1247).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://heap-exploitation.dhavalkapil.com/attacks/shrinking_free_chunks">https://heap-exploitation.dhavalkapil.com/attacks/shrinking_free_chunks</a></p></figcaption></figure>
 
+### Modern glibc hardening & bypass notes (>=2.32)
+
+- Safe-Linking now protects every singly linked bin pointer by storing `fd = ptr ^ (chunk_addr >> 12)`, so an off-by-one that only flips the low byte of `size` usually also needs a heap leak to recompute the XOR mask before Tcache poisoning works.
+- A practical leakless trick is to "double-protect" a pointer: encode a pointer you already control with `PROTECT_PTR`, then reuse the same gadget to encode your forged pointer so the alignment check passes without revealing new addresses.
+- Workflow for safe-linking + single-byte corruptions:
+  1. Grow the victim chunk until it fully covers a freed chunk you already control (overlapping-chunk setup).
+  2. Leak any heap pointer (stdout, UAF, partially controlled struct) and derive the key `heap_base >> 12`.
+  3. Re-encode free-list pointers before writing them—stage the encoded value inside user data and memcpy it later if you only own single-byte writes.
+  4. Combine with [Tcache bin attacks](tcache-bin-attack.md) to redirect allocations into `__free_hook` or `tcache_perthread_struct` entries once the forged pointer is properly encoded.
+
+A minimal helper to rehearse the encode/decode step while debugging modern exploits:
+
+```python
+def protect(ptr, chunk_addr):
+    return ptr ^ (chunk_addr >> 12)
+
+def reveal(encoded, chunk_addr):
+    return encoded ^ (chunk_addr >> 12)
+
+chunk = 0x55555555c2c0
+encoded_fd = protect(0xdeadbeefcaf0, chunk)
+print(hex(reveal(encoded_fd, chunk)))  # 0xdeadbeefcaf0
+```
+
+### Recent real-world target: glibc __vsyslog_internal off-by-one (CVE-2023-6779)
+
+- In January 2024 Qualys detailed CVE-2023-6779, an off-by-one inside `__vsyslog_internal()` that triggers when `syslog()/vsyslog()` format strings exceed `INT_MAX`, so the terminating `\0` corrupts the next chunk’s least-significant `size` byte on glibc 2.37–2.39 systems ([Qualys advisory](https://www.qualys.com/2024/01/30/cve-2023-6246/syslog.txt)).
+- Their Fedora 38 exploit pipeline:
+  1. Craft an overlong `openlog()` ident so `vasprintf` returns a heap buffer next to attacker-controlled data.
+  2. Call `syslog()` to smash the neighbor chunk’s `size | prev_inuse` byte, free it, and force consolidation that overlaps attacker data.
+  3. Use the overlapped view to corrupt `tcache_perthread_struct` metadata and aim the next allocation at `__free_hook`, overwriting it with `system`/a one_gadget for root.
+- To reproduce the corrupting write in a harness, fork with a gigantic `argv[0]`, call `openlog(NULL, LOG_PID, LOG_USER)` and then `syslog(LOG_INFO, "%s", payload)` where `payload = b"A" * 0x7fffffff`; `pwndbg`’s `heap bins` immediately shows the single-byte overwrite.
+- Ubuntu tracks the bug as [CVE-2023-6779](https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2023-6779), documenting the same INT truncation that makes this a reliable off-by-one primitive.
+
 ## Other Examples & References
 
 - [**https://heap-exploitation.dhavalkapil.com/attacks/shrinking_free_chunks**](https://heap-exploitation.dhavalkapil.com/attacks/shrinking_free_chunks)
@@ -83,7 +117,7 @@ This image explains perfectly the attack:
   - It's possible to abuse an off by one to leak an address from the heap because the byte 0x00 of the end of a string being overwritten by the next field.
   - Arbitrary write is obtained by abusing the off by one write to make the pointer point to another place were a fake struct with fake pointers will be built. Then, it's possible to follow the pointer of this struct to obtain arbitrary write.
   - The libc address is leaked because if the heap is extended using mmap, the memory allocated by mmap has a fixed offset from libc.
-  - Finally the arbitrary write is abused to write into the address of \_\_free_hook with a one gadget.
+  - Finally the arbitrary write is abused to write into the address of `__free_hook` with a one gadget.
 - [**plaidctf 2015 plaiddb**](https://ctf-wiki.mahaloz.re/pwn/linux/glibc-heap/off_by_one/#instance-2-plaidctf-2015-plaiddb)
   - There is a NULL off by one vulnerability in the `getline` function that reads user input lines. This function is used to read the "key" of the content and not the content.
   - In the writeup 5 initial chunks are created:
@@ -112,7 +146,10 @@ This image explains perfectly the attack:
   - Then, a chunk of 0x68 is allocated so the fake fast bin chunk in `__malloc_hook` is the following fast bin chunk
   - Finally, a new fast bin chunk of 0x68 is allocated and `__malloc_hook` is overwritten with a `one_gadget` address
 
-{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
-
+## References
 
+- [Qualys Security Advisory – CVE-2023-6246/6779/6780](https://www.qualys.com/2024/01/30/cve-2023-6246/syslog.txt)
+- [Ubuntu Security – CVE-2023-6779](https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2023-6779)
+- [Breaking Safe-Linking in Modern Glibc – Google CTF 2022 "saas" analysis](https://blog.csdn.net/2402_86373248/article/details/148717274)
 
+{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}