When I run the following code from the terminal on macOS (using cargo run)

use cpal::traits::HostTrait as _;

fn main() {
    let _ = cpal::default_host().default_output_device();
}

I get a microphone permission prompt from macOS:

If you want to reproduce this and the permission prompt does not appear you may have already granted or denied permissions to your terminal. You can easily reset them using tccutil. For example tccutil reset Microphone com.apple.Terminal for macOS' builtin terminal.

This issue was originally reported to Bevy: bevyengine/bevy#13989

I tested this on macOS Ventura (13.6.7).