diff --git a/java-checks-common/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/helpers/logic/HelperPredicates.java b/java-checks-common/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/helpers/logic/HelperPredicates.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3dc0ac27576
--- /dev/null
+++ b/java-checks-common/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/helpers/logic/HelperPredicates.java
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic;
+
+import org.sonar.plugins.java.api.semantic.Symbol;
+
+import static org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic.Ternary.UNKNOWN;
+
+/**
+ * Demo for {@link Ternary}
+ */
+public class HelperPredicates {
+  private HelperPredicates() {}
+
+  public static Ternary isUsed(Symbol symbol) {
+    if(symbol.isUnknown()) {
+      return UNKNOWN;
+    }
+    return Ternary.of(!symbol.usages().isEmpty());
+  }
+}
diff --git a/java-checks-common/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/helpers/logic/Summary.java b/java-checks-common/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/helpers/logic/Summary.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cc92cbe7e37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/java-checks-common/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/helpers/logic/Summary.java
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic;
+
+import static org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic.Ternary.FALSE;
+import static org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic.Ternary.TRUE;
+import static org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic.Ternary.UNKNOWN;
+
+/**
+ * Utility to for implementing logical "and" and  "or" in {@link Ternary}, both
+ * directly and as a {@link java.util.stream.Collector}.
+ */
+class Summary {
+  private boolean allTrue = true;
+  private boolean anyTrue = false;
+  private boolean allFalse = true;
+  private boolean anyFalse = false;
+
+  void add(Ternary arg) {
+    allTrue &= arg.is(true);
+    anyTrue |= arg.is(true);
+    allFalse &= arg.is(false);
+    anyFalse |= arg.is(false);
+  }
+
+  Summary addAll(Ternary... args) {
+    for (Ternary arg : args) {
+      add(arg);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  Summary combine(Summary other) {
+    allTrue &= other.allTrue;
+    anyTrue |= other.anyTrue;
+    allFalse &= other.allFalse;
+    anyFalse |= other.anyFalse;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  Ternary logicalAnd() {
+    if (allTrue) {
+      return TRUE;
+    } else if (anyFalse) {
+      return FALSE;
+    } else {
+      return UNKNOWN;
+    }
+  }
+
+  Ternary logicalOr() {
+    if (allFalse) {
+      return FALSE;
+    } else if (anyTrue) {
+      return TRUE;
+    } else {
+      return UNKNOWN;
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/java-checks-common/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/helpers/logic/Ternary.java b/java-checks-common/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/helpers/logic/Ternary.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..142ffca5b9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/java-checks-common/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/helpers/logic/Ternary.java
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+package org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic;
+
+import java.util.stream.Collector;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of tree-valued logic in which a proposition can be true, false, or unknown.
+ *
+ * <p>This class allows us to be precise in certain predicates, for instance
+ * {@code type.isSubtypeOf("com.example.MySuper")}, where the exact value is unknown
+ * due to missing semantics.
+ */
+public enum Ternary {
+  TRUE, FALSE, UNKNOWN;
+
+  /**
+   * Adapter for {@code boolean}.
+   */
+  public static Ternary of(boolean value) {
+    return value ? TRUE : FALSE;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adapter for {@code boolean} where {@code null} means {@code UNKNOWN}.
+   */
+  public static Ternary ofNullable(Boolean value) {
+    return value == null ? UNKNOWN : of(value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks whether the object is exactly {@code TRUE} or {@code FALSE}.
+   */
+  public boolean is(boolean value) {
+    if (value) {
+      return this == TRUE;
+    } else {
+      return this == FALSE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The value is known and true.
+   */
+  public boolean isTrue() {
+    return this == TRUE;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The value is known and false.
+   */
+  public boolean isFalse() {
+    return this == FALSE;
+  }
+
+  public boolean maybeTrue() {
+    return this == TRUE || this == UNKNOWN;
+  }
+
+  public boolean maybeFalse() {
+    return this == FALSE || this == UNKNOWN;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Negation. Unknown stays unknown, otherwise the usual boolean logic.
+   */
+  public Ternary not() {
+    return switch (this) {
+      case TRUE -> FALSE;
+      case FALSE -> TRUE;
+      case UNKNOWN -> UNKNOWN;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Alternative:
+   * <ul>
+   *   <li> {@code TRUE} if any argument is true,
+   *   <li> {@code FALSE} if all arguments are false,
+   *   <li> {@code UNKNOWN} otherwise.
+   * </ul>
+   */
+  public static Ternary or(Ternary... args) {
+    return new Summary().addAll(args).logicalOr();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Conjunction:
+   * <ul>
+   *   <li> {@code TRUE} if all arguments are true,
+   *   <li> {@code FALSE} if any argument is false,
+   *   <li> {@code UNKNOWN} otherwise.
+   * </ul>
+   */
+  public static Ternary and(Ternary... args) {
+    return new Summary().addAll(args).logicalAnd();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a collector creating a new ternary value following the logic of {@link #and(Ternary...)}.
+   */
+  public static Collector<Ternary, Summary, Ternary> and() {
+    return Collector.of(Summary::new, Summary::add, Summary::combine, Summary::logicalAnd);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a collector creating a new ternary value following the logic of {@link #or(Ternary...)}.
+   */
+  public static Collector<Ternary, Summary, Ternary> or() {
+    return Collector.of(Summary::new, Summary::add, Summary::combine, Summary::logicalOr);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/java-checks-common/src/test/java/org/sonar/java/checks/helpers/logic/TernaryTest.java b/java-checks-common/src/test/java/org/sonar/java/checks/helpers/logic/TernaryTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..272879a96b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/java-checks-common/src/test/java/org/sonar/java/checks/helpers/logic/TernaryTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic.Ternary.FALSE;
+import static org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic.Ternary.TRUE;
+import static org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic.Ternary.UNKNOWN;
+import static org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic.Ternary.and;
+import static org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic.Ternary.or;
+
+
+class TernaryTest {
+  @Test
+  void test_from_boolean_conversion() {
+    assertThat(Ternary.of(true)).isEqualTo(TRUE);
+    assertThat(Ternary.ofNullable(true)).isEqualTo(TRUE);
+
+    assertThat(Ternary.of(false)).isEqualTo(FALSE);
+    assertThat(Ternary.ofNullable(false)).isEqualTo(FALSE);
+
+    assertThat(Ternary.ofNullable(null)).isEqualTo(UNKNOWN);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void test_or() {
+    assertThat(or(TRUE, FALSE, UNKNOWN)).isEqualTo(TRUE);
+    assertThat(or(FALSE, UNKNOWN)).isEqualTo(UNKNOWN);
+    assertThat(or(FALSE, FALSE)).isEqualTo(FALSE);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void test_and() {
+    assertThat(and(TRUE, FALSE, UNKNOWN)).isEqualTo(FALSE);
+    assertThat(and(TRUE, UNKNOWN)).isEqualTo(UNKNOWN);
+    assertThat(and(TRUE, TRUE)).isEqualTo(TRUE);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void test_collectors() {
+    List<Ternary> tfu = List.of(TRUE, FALSE, UNKNOWN);
+    assertThat(tfu.stream().collect(and())).isEqualTo(FALSE);
+    assertThat(tfu.stream().collect(or())).isEqualTo(TRUE);
+
+    List<Ternary> uut = List.of(UNKNOWN, UNKNOWN, TRUE);
+    assertThat(uut.stream().collect(and())).isEqualTo(UNKNOWN);
+    assertThat(uut.stream().collect(or())).isEqualTo(TRUE);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/java-checks/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/unused/UnusedTypeParameterCheck.java b/java-checks/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/unused/UnusedTypeParameterCheck.java
index cc665586b05..4ee471df803 100644
--- a/java-checks/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/unused/UnusedTypeParameterCheck.java
+++ b/java-checks/src/main/java/org/sonar/java/checks/unused/UnusedTypeParameterCheck.java
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 import org.sonar.plugins.java.api.tree.TypeParameterTree;
 import org.sonar.plugins.java.api.tree.TypeParameters;
 
+import static org.sonar.java.checks.helpers.logic.HelperPredicates.isUsed;
+
 @Rule(key = "S2326")
 public class UnusedTypeParameterCheck extends IssuableSubscriptionVisitor {
 
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ public void visitNode(Tree tree) {
     TypeParameters typeParameters = tree.is(Tree.Kind.METHOD) ? ((MethodTree) tree).typeParameters() : ((ClassTree) tree).typeParameters();
     for (TypeParameterTree typeParameter : typeParameters) {
       Symbol symbol = typeParameter.symbol();
-      if (!symbol.isUnknown() && symbol.usages().isEmpty()) {
+      if(isUsed(symbol).isFalse()) {
         String message = String.format(ISSUE_MESSAGE, symbol.name(), tree.kind().name().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT));
         reportIssue(typeParameter.identifier(), message);
       }