First of all -fclash-debug-history is entirely broken on the current master and 1.6 branches since #2034:
$ cabal run -- clash --verilog -iexamples/i2c I2Ctest -fclash-no-cache -fclash-debug-history
[...]
<no location info>: error:
    Other error:
    history.dat: openBinaryFile: resource busy (file is locked)
But this is already fixed in #2074 with some locking.
Ignoring the issue above (by either using the branch from #2074, or before #2034 was merged), something is up with the I2C example specifically:
$ cabal run -- clash -fclash-debug-history -fclash-no-cache --verilog -iexamples/i2c I2Ctest
[...]
$ cabal run -- clash-term history.dat
[...]
clash-term: Maybe.fromJust: Nothing
CallStack (from HasCallStack):
  error, called at libraries/base/Data/Maybe.hs:148:21 in base:Data.Maybe
  fromJust, called at src/Types.hs:152:17 in rewrite-inspector-0.1.0.11-fffc36564dd6ac2341484478919726154adfd0c820ddf8acc26956e212321853:Types
This problem seems specific to the I2C example, other examples I tried didn't have this problem.