diff --git a/pdf_converter/app/url_validator.rb b/pdf_converter/app/url_validator.rb
index 23315f0..b650186 100644
--- a/pdf_converter/app/url_validator.rb
+++ b/pdf_converter/app/url_validator.rb
@@ -9,10 +9,6 @@ class UrlValidator
   REQUIRED_S3_SIGNATURE_PARAMS = ['X-Amz-Algorithm'].freeze
   PDF_EXTENSIONS = ['.pdf'].freeze
 
-  def initialize
-    @logger = Logger.new($stdout) if defined?(Logger)
-  end
-
   # Validates if a URL is a properly signed S3 URL for destination uploads
   # @param url [String] The URL to validate
   # @return [Boolean] true if URL is a valid signed S3 URL for uploads
@@ -31,14 +27,12 @@ def valid_s3_signed_url?(url)
   # @param url [String] The URL to validate
   # @return [Boolean] true if URL is valid HTTP/HTTPS
   def valid_url?(url)
-    return false if url.nil? || url.empty?
-
-    begin
-      uri = URI.parse(url)
-      uri.is_a?(URI::HTTP) || uri.is_a?(URI::HTTPS)
-    rescue URI::InvalidURIError
-      false
-    end
+    return false unless valid_basic_url?(url)
+
+    uri = URI.parse(url)
+    uri.is_a?(URI::HTTP) || uri.is_a?(URI::HTTPS)
+  rescue URI::InvalidURIError
+    false
   end
 
   # Extracts S3 bucket, key, and region information from S3 URL
@@ -57,34 +51,38 @@ def extract_s3_info(url)
   # @param require_pdf [Boolean] Whether to check for PDF extension
   # @return [Boolean] true if URL passes all validation checks
   def validate_s3_url(url, require_pdf:)
-    return false if url.nil? || url.empty?
+    return false unless valid_basic_url?(url)
 
     uri = URI.parse(url)
-
-    # Validate scheme (HTTP only allowed for LocalStack)
-    return false unless valid_scheme?(uri)
-
-    # Must be S3 hostname or LocalStack
-    return false unless valid_s3_host?(uri.host)
-
-    # Check PDF extension if required
-    return false if require_pdf && !pdf_file?(uri.path)
-
-    # Must have required signature parameters
-    s3_signature_params?(uri.query)
+    valid_scheme?(uri) &&
+      valid_s3_host?(uri.host) &&
+      valid_pdf_requirement?(uri.path, require_pdf) &&
+      s3_signature_params?(uri.query)
   rescue URI::InvalidURIError
     false
   end
 
+  # Validates that URL is not nil or empty
+  # @param url [String] The URL to check
+  # @return [Boolean] true if URL has content
+  def valid_basic_url?(url)
+    !url.nil? && !url.empty?
+  end
+
+  # Validates PDF requirement is met
+  # @param path [String] The URL path
+  # @param require_pdf [Boolean] Whether PDF is required
+  # @return [Boolean] true if PDF requirement is satisfied
+  def valid_pdf_requirement?(path, require_pdf)
+    !require_pdf || pdf_file?(path)
+  end
+
   # Validates URL scheme (HTTPS required, except HTTP for LocalStack)
   # @param uri [URI] Parsed URI object
   # @return [Boolean] true if scheme is valid
   def valid_scheme?(uri)
-    if uri.scheme == 'http'
-      S3UrlParser.localstack_hostname?(uri.host)
-    else
-      uri.scheme == 'https'
-    end
+    scheme = uri.scheme
+    scheme == 'https' || (scheme == 'http' && S3UrlParser.localstack_hostname?(uri.host))
   end
 
   # Validates that hostname is either S3 or LocalStack
@@ -95,7 +93,7 @@ def valid_s3_host?(hostname)
   end
 
   def pdf_file?(path)
-    return false if path.nil? || path.empty?
+    return false unless path && !path.empty?
 
     # Extract filename from path
     filename = File.basename(path)
@@ -106,13 +104,9 @@ def pdf_file?(path)
   # @param query_string [String] The URL query string
   # @return [Boolean] true if all required signature params present
   def s3_signature_params?(query_string)
-    return false if query_string.nil? || query_string.empty?
+    return false unless query_string && !query_string.empty?
 
     query_params = URI.decode_www_form(query_string).to_h
     REQUIRED_S3_SIGNATURE_PARAMS.all? { |param| query_params.key?(param) }
   end
-
-  def log_debug(message)
-    @logger&.debug(message) if defined?(@logger)
-  end
 end
diff --git a/pdf_converter/lib/s3_url_parser.rb b/pdf_converter/lib/s3_url_parser.rb
index c1a5cfa..4ec3a29 100644
--- a/pdf_converter/lib/s3_url_parser.rb
+++ b/pdf_converter/lib/s3_url_parser.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class S3UrlParser
   # @param hostname [String] The hostname to check
   # @return [Boolean] true if hostname matches S3 patterns
   def self.s3_hostname?(hostname)
-    return false if hostname.nil?
+    return false unless hostname
 
     S3_HOSTNAME_PATTERNS.any? { |pattern| hostname.match?(pattern) }
   end
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def self.s3_hostname?(hostname)
   # @param hostname [String] The hostname to check
   # @return [Boolean] true if hostname is LocalStack
   def self.localstack_hostname?(hostname)
-    return false if hostname.nil?
+    return false unless hostname
 
     # Allow localhost and 127.0.0.1 for LocalStack testing
     hostname == 'localhost' || hostname == '127.0.0.1' || hostname.start_with?('localstack')
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def self.path_style_s3?(hostname)
   # @param hostname [String] The hostname to check
   # @return [Boolean] true if virtual-hosted-style S3
   def self.virtual_hosted_style_s3?(hostname)
-    return false if hostname.nil?
+    return false unless hostname
 
     hostname.match?(/\.s3\./)
   end
@@ -51,19 +51,26 @@ def self.virtual_hosted_style_s3?(hostname)
   # @param url [String] The S3 URL to parse
   # @return [Hash, nil] Hash with :bucket, :key, :region or nil if invalid
   def self.extract_s3_info(url)
-    return nil if url.nil? || url.empty?
+    return nil unless url && !url.empty?
 
     uri = URI.parse(url)
-
-    if path_style_s3?(uri.host)
-      extract_path_style_info(uri)
-    elsif virtual_hosted_style_s3?(uri.host)
-      extract_virtual_hosted_info(uri)
-    end
+    extract_by_style(uri)
   rescue StandardError
     nil
   end
 
+  # Determines URL style and extracts info accordingly
+  # @param uri [URI] Parsed URI object
+  # @return [Hash, nil] Extracted S3 info or nil
+  def self.extract_by_style(uri)
+    host = uri.host
+    return extract_path_style_info(uri) if path_style_s3?(host)
+    return extract_virtual_hosted_info(uri) if virtual_hosted_style_s3?(host)
+
+    nil
+  end
+  private_class_method :extract_by_style
+
   # Extracts region from S3 hostname
   # @param hostname [String] The S3 hostname
   # @return [String, nil] The region or nil if not found
@@ -74,22 +81,26 @@ def self.extract_region_from_hostname(hostname)
     match ? match[1] : nil
   end
 
+  # Validates path parts have required structure
+  # @param path_parts [Array] Split path components
+  # @return [Boolean] true if path parts are valid
+  def self.valid_path_parts?(path_parts)
+    path_parts.length >= 3 && !path_parts[1].empty?
+  end
+  private_class_method :valid_path_parts?
+
   # Extracts info from path-style S3 URL
   # @param uri [URI] Parsed URI object
   # @return [Hash, nil] Hash with :bucket, :key, :region or nil
   def self.extract_path_style_info(uri)
     # For path-style: https://s3.region.amazonaws.com/bucket/key
     path_parts = uri.path.split('/', 3)
-    return nil if path_parts.length < 3 || path_parts[1].empty?
-
-    bucket = path_parts[1]
-    key = path_parts[2]
-    region = extract_region_from_hostname(uri.host) || 'us-east-1'
+    return nil unless valid_path_parts?(path_parts)
 
     {
-      bucket: bucket,
-      key: key,
-      region: region
+      bucket: path_parts[1],
+      key: path_parts[2],
+      region: extract_region_from_hostname(uri.host) || 'us-east-1'
     }
   end
   private_class_method :extract_path_style_info
@@ -99,18 +110,23 @@ def self.extract_path_style_info(uri)
   # @return [Hash, nil] Hash with :bucket, :key, :region or nil
   def self.extract_virtual_hosted_info(uri)
     # For virtual-hosted-style: https://bucket.s3.region.amazonaws.com/key
-    hostname_parts = uri.host.split('.')
+    host = uri.host
+    hostname_parts = host.split('.')
     return nil if hostname_parts.length < 4
 
-    bucket = hostname_parts[0]
-    key = uri.path.start_with?('/') ? uri.path[1..] : uri.path
-    region = extract_region_from_hostname(uri.host) || 'us-east-1'
-
     {
-      bucket: bucket,
-      key: key,
-      region: region
+      bucket: hostname_parts[0],
+      key: normalize_path(uri.path),
+      region: extract_region_from_hostname(host) || 'us-east-1'
     }
   end
+
+  # Removes leading slash from path
+  # @param path [String] The URL path
+  # @return [String] Path without leading slash
+  def self.normalize_path(path)
+    path.start_with?('/') ? path[1..] : path
+  end
+  private_class_method :normalize_path
   private_class_method :extract_virtual_hosted_info
 end