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[Julia] List out key Concepts (#335)
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‎languages/julia/README.md‎

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- [x] Fill out the [maintainers.md](./maintainers.md) file (e.g. [C#](../csharp/maintainers.md))
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- [x] Ensure there is a link to your track's GitHub issues on the [main README.md](../../README.md)
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- [ ] [Write a Concept Exercise implementation guide](../../docs/maintainers/writing-a-concept-exercise-github-issue.md)
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- [ ] [List out key Concepts for your language](../../docs/maintainers/determining-concepts.md)
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- [x] [List out key Concepts for your language](../../docs/maintainers/determining-concepts.md)
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- [ ] [Add GitHub issues for 20 Concept Exercises](../../docs/maintainers/writing-a-concept-exercise-github-issue.md)
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## Readiness for Launch

‎languages/julia/README.md.old‎

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‎languages/julia/reference/README.md‎

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# Julia reference
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## Concepts
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The Julia concept exercises are based on concepts. The list below contains the concepts that have been identified for the Julia language.
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**The concepts are not sorted in any particular order.** See [progression.md](progression.md) for planning the progression order of the Julia track.
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This list is neither complete nor final.
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### Key paradigm
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- [Multiple Dispatch](../../../reference/concepts/multiple-dispatch.md)
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### Uncategorised concepts
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- [Mutability](../../../reference/concepts/mutation.md)
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- [Immutability](../../../reference/concepts/immutability.md)
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- [Type inference](../../../reference/concepts/type_inference.md)
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- [REPL](../../../reference/concepts/repl.md)
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- Package Management
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- Unicode identifiers
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- Iterators
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- Type Unions
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- In-place modification
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- Broadcasting
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- Enumeration
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- Error handling
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- Ranges
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- Views
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- Modules
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- `import` vs `using`
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- Scopes
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- Docstrings
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### Strings
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- String interpolation
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- String multiplication
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### Testing
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- Testsets
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- Tests
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- Doctests
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### Functions and methods
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- Named arguments
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- Optional arguments
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- Operators are functions
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- Method signatures
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- [Higher-order functions](../../../reference/concepts/higher_order_functions.md)
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- [Nested functions](../../../reference/concepts/nested_functions.md)
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- [Anonymous functions](../../../reference/concepts/anonymous_functions.md)
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### [Metaprogramming](../../../reference/concepts/metaprogramming.md)
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- Symbols
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- Expressions (Expr)
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- Generated functions
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- Using [Macros](../../../reference/concepts/macros.md)
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- Writing [Macros](../../../reference/concepts/macros.md)
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- String literals
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### Type system
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- Abstract types
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- Type unions
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- Structs
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- External Constructors
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- Internal Constructors
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- Type parameters
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- Type stability
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- Type piracy
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### Code analysis
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- Performance analysis
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- Benchmarking
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- Profiling
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- Code inspection tools (`@code_llvm`, `@code_warntype`, `@code_native` etc)
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- Debugging using a Debugger (non-stdlib)
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### Arrays, vectors and matrices
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- 1-based indexing
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- Arbitrary indexing
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- Multidimensional arrays
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- Matrices
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- Vectors
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### Types
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- Abstract type
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- Struct
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- Tuple
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- [Array](../../../reference/types/array.md)
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- Dict
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- Symbol
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- `Expr`ession
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- Nothing
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- Missing
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- Union
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- [String](../../../reference/types/string.md)
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### Useful bonus knowledge
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- DataFrames (non-stdlib)
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- Plotting (non-stdlib)
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- StaticArrays (non-stdlib)
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- Traits
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- Language interoperability
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- Units
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## Julia Manual
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The Julia Manual's ToC can also serve a list of concepts. Not all of the concepts from the Manual are listed above yet.
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## Resources used
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- https://julialang.org/
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- https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/index.html
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- Lauwens, B., & Downey, A. B. (2018). Think Julia: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist. Retrieved from https://benlauwens.github.io/ThinkJulia.jl/latest/book.html
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‎languages/julia/reference/_sidebar.md‎

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- [Start here](/)
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- Docs
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- [Languages](/languages/README.md)
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- [Julia](/languages/julia/README.md)
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- [Docs](/languages/julia/docs/README.md)
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- [Exercises](/languages/julia/exercises/README.md)
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- [Reference](/languages/julia/reference/README.md)
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- [Progression](/languages/julia/reference/progression.md)
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- [Why do people use Julia?](/languages/julia/reference/why-do-people-use-julia.md)
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- Reference
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- [Concepts](/reference/concepts/README.md)
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- [Paradigms](/reference/paradigms/README.md)
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- [Tooling](/reference/tooling/README.md)
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- [Types](/reference/types/README.md)

‎languages/julia/reference/why-do-people-use-julia.md‎

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## Why do people use Julia?
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Knowing why people use Julia and what users (dis-)like about it can be helpful to determine what aspects of it should be taught, even if those aspects don't fit the definition of a concept.
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The source for all information in this paragraph is the [Julia User & Developer Survey June 2019](https://julialang.org/blog/2019/08/2019-julia-survey). Aspects and features that aren't relevant to teaching/learning Julia have been omitted (e.g. an immature ecosystem).
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### Most popular technical features
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1. Speed, performance
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2. Ease of use
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3. Open source code is available and can be modified
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4. Multiple dispatch
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5. Solves the two language problem<sup>1</sup>
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7. Integrates well with other language(s)
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9. 1-based indexing
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### Biggest technical problems
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2. It takes too long to generate the first plot<sup>2</sup>
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4. Slow compile times
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12. 1-based indexing
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### If not for Julia, what language would users be using?
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This can help in finding out which transitions are the most common.
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1. Python
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2. C, C++, C#<sup>3</sup>
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3. MATLAB
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4. R
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Under 10% of respondents:
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5. Bash/Shell
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6. Fortran
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Under 5% of respondents:
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7. JavaScript
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8. SQL
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9. Scala
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### Footnotes
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<sup>1</sup>The two language problem refers to the issue that performance-critical scientific or technical code is often written in a language like C/C++/Fortran but called from a higher-level but slower language like Python or MATLAB. Often this includes prototyping in Python/MATLAB and then translating code into a faster language.
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<sup>2</sup>Also known as "time to first plot problem". Certain packages take a really long time to compile when first called. Subsequent calls are fast, therefore it's possible to adapt one's workflow to avoid this problem.
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<sup>3</sup>Weird grouping, C# is probably far less common than the other two.

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