Add a Pauli frame tracking dialect

doc/releases/changelog-dev.md

@@ -137,6 +137,10 @@
   for the qec dialect.
   [(#2189)](https://github.com/PennyLaneAI/catalyst/pull/2189)
 
+* A new `PauliFrame` dialect has been added. This dialect includes a set of abstractions and
+  operations for interacting with an external Pauli frame tracking library.
+  [(#2188)](https://github.com/PennyLaneAI/catalyst/pull/2188)
+
 <h3>Documentation 📝</h3>
 
 * A typo in the code example for :func:`~.passes.ppr_to_ppm` has been corrected.
@@ -154,6 +158,7 @@
 This release contains contributions from (in alphabetical order):
 
 Ali Asadi,
+Joey Carter,
 Jeffrey Kam,
 Christina Lee,
 River McCubbin,

mlir/include/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ add_subdirectory(hlo-extensions)
 add_subdirectory(Ion)
 add_subdirectory(MBQC)
 add_subdirectory(Mitigation)
+add_subdirectory(PauliFrame)
 add_subdirectory(QEC)
 add_subdirectory(Quantum)
 add_subdirectory(Test)

mlir/include/PauliFrame/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+add_subdirectory(IR)
+# add_subdirectory(Transforms)

mlir/include/PauliFrame/IR/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+add_mlir_dialect(PauliFrameOps pauli_frame)
+add_mlir_doc(PauliFrameDialect PauliFrameDialect PauliFrame/ -gen-dialect-doc -gen-op-doc)
+add_mlir_doc(PauliFrameOps PauliFrameOps PauliFrame/ -gen-op-doc)
+
+set(LLVM_TARGET_DEFINITIONS PauliFrameOps.td)

mlir/include/PauliFrame/IR/PauliFrameDialect.h

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright 2025 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.
+
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "mlir/IR/Dialect.h"
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// PauliFrame dialect declarations.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "PauliFrame/IR/PauliFrameOpsDialect.h.inc"
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// PauliFrame type declarations.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// Uncomment the lines below if defining types for the PauliFrame dialect
+// #define GET_TYPEDEF_CLASSES
+// #include "PauliFrame/IR/PauliFrameOpsTypes.h.inc"

mlir/include/PauliFrame/IR/PauliFrameDialect.td

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Copyright 2025 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.
+
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef PAULI_FRAME_DIALECT
+#define PAULI_FRAME_DIALECT
+
+include "mlir/IR/DialectBase.td"
+include "mlir/IR/OpBase.td"
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// PauliFrame dialect definition.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+def PauliFrame_Dialect : Dialect {
+    let summary = "A dialect for Pauli frame tracking.";
+    let description = [{
+        The Pauli frame tracking dialect includes a set of abstractions and operations for
+        interacting with an external Pauli frame tracking library. A *Pauli frame tracker* [1] is a
+        system that tracks gates from the Pauli group in classical electronics instead of applying
+        them to qubits on the device. Doing so reduces the number of quantum operations applied to
+        the system, thus reducing the probability of errors.
+
+        A single Pauli record *Rq* tracks all the Pauli gates that are applied on qubit *q*. Every
+        set of tracked Pauli gates can be reduced to one of the elements in the set {I, X, Z, XZ},
+        hence a single Pauli record can be stored using two bits, encoded as X- and Z-parity bits:
+
+            I = (0, 0),   X = (1, 0),   Z = (0, 1),   XZ = (1, 1)
+
+        The operations in this dialect aim to represent the Pauli frame tracking components of the
+        following five quantum processes required to maintain a system of universal quantum
+        computation, as described in Ref. [2]:
+
+            1. Initialization of a qubit to |0>:
+                a. Set Pauli record of target qubit to I.
+                b. Initialize target qubit to |0>.
+            2. Measurement:
+                a. Measure target qubit.
+                b. Correct measurement result based on Pauli record.
+            3. Pauli gates:
+                a. Update Pauli record of target qubit accordingly (the Pauli gates themselves are
+                   not physically applied to the qubit).
+            4. Clifford gates:
+                a. Update Pauli record(s) of target qubit(s).
+                b. Apply Clifford gate on target qubit(s).
+            5. Non-Clifford gates:
+                a. Flush Pauli record(s) of target qubit(s). *Flushing* the Pauli record of a qubit
+                   refers to physically applying the Pauli gates stored in the record on that qubit
+                   and then resetting its record to I.
+                b. Apply non-Clifford gate on target qubit(s).
+
+        References
+        ----------
+
+        [1] Knill, E. Quantum computing with realistically noisy devices. Nature 434, 39-44 (2005).
+        https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03350.
+
+        [2] Riesebos, L., et al. Pauli Frames for Quantum Computer Architectures.
+        DAC '17: Proceedings of the 54th Annual Design Automation Conference 76, 1-6 (2017).
+        https://doi.org/10.1145/3061639.3062300.
+
+        > [!IMPORTANT]
+        > The pauli_frame dialect is experimental and will not maintain API stability between releases.
+        > Use at your own risk.
+    }];
+
+    /// This is the namespace of the dialect in MLIR, which is used as a prefix for types and ops.
+    let name = "pauli_frame";
+
+    /// This is the C++ namespace in which the dialect and all of its sub-components are placed.
+    let cppNamespace = "::catalyst::pauli_frame";
+
+    let dependentDialects = [
+        "quantum::QuantumDialect"
+    ];
+
+    /// Use the default type printing/parsing hooks, otherwise we would have to explicitly define them.
+    /// Uncomment the line below if defining attributes for the PauliFrame dialect
+    // let useDefaultAttributePrinterParser = 1;
+
+    /// Uncomment the line below if defining types for the PauliFrame dialect
+    // let useDefaultTypePrinterParser = 1;
+}
+
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// PauliFrame dialect types.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// Uncomment the lines below if defining types for the PauliFrame dialect
+// class PauliFrame_Type<string name, string typeMnemonic, list<Trait> traits = []>
+//         : TypeDef<PauliFrame_Dialect, name, traits> {
+//     let mnemonic = typeMnemonic;
+// }
+
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// PauliFrame dialect base operation.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+class PauliFrame_Op<string mnemonic, list<Trait> traits = []> :
+        Op<PauliFrame_Dialect, mnemonic, traits>;
+
+
+#endif // PAULI_FRAME_DIALECT

mlir/include/PauliFrame/IR/PauliFrameOps.h

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright 2025 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.
+
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Quantum/IR/QuantumDialect.h"
+
+#include "PauliFrame/IR/PauliFrameDialect.h"
+
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+// PauliFrame ops declarations.
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+/// Uncomment the lines below if defining attributes for the PauliFrame dialect
+// #define GET_ATTRDEF_CLASSES
+// #include "PauliFrame/IR/PauliFrameAttributes.h.inc"
+
+#define GET_OP_CLASSES
+#include "PauliFrame/IR/PauliFrameOps.h.inc"