feat: add support for manylinux_2_28 i686 image

bin/update_docker.py

@@ -43,7 +43,17 @@ def __init__(self, manylinux_version: str, platforms: list[str], tag: str | None
     ),
     # manylinux_2_28 images
     PyPAImage(
-        "manylinux_2_28", ["x86_64", "aarch64", "ppc64le", "s390x", "pypy_x86_64", "pypy_aarch64"]
+        "manylinux_2_28",
+        [
+            "x86_64",
+            "i686",
+            "aarch64",
+            "ppc64le",
+            "s390x",
+            "pypy_x86_64",
+            "pypy_i686",
+            "pypy_aarch64",
+        ],
     ),
     # manylinux_2_31 images
     PyPAImage("manylinux_2_31", ["armv7l"]),

cibuildwheel/resources/defaults.toml

@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ container-engine = "docker"
 pyodide-version = ""
 
 manylinux-x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
-manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-i686-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-aarch64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-ppc64le-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-s390x-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-armv7l-image = "manylinux_2_31"
 manylinux-riscv64-image = "ghcr.io/pypa/cibuildwheel/no_default_image:please_use_override"
 manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
-manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux2014"
+manylinux-pypy_i686-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image = "manylinux_2_28"
 
 musllinux-x86_64-image = "musllinux_1_2"

cibuildwheel/resources/pinned_docker_images.cfg

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64:2025.06.28-1
 
 [i686]
 manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.06.28-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.06.28-1
 musllinux_1_2 = quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686:2025.06.28-1
 
 [aarch64]
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ manylinux_2_34 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:2025.06.28-1
 
 [pypy_i686]
 manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:2025.06.28-1
+manylinux_2_28 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:2025.06.28-1
 
 [pypy_aarch64]
 manylinux2014 = quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_aarch64:2025.06.28-1

docs/options.md

@@ -1009,15 +1009,15 @@ The available options are:
 | Option                         | Default                                                         |
 |--------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|
 | `manylinux_x86_64-image`       | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64)  |
-| `manylinux-i686-image`         | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686)      |
+| `manylinux-i686-image`         | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686)    |
 | `manylinux-pypy_x86_64-image`  | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64)  |
 | `manylinux-aarch64-image`      | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64) |
 | `manylinux-ppc64le-image`      | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_ppc64le) |
 | `manylinux-s390x-image`        | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_s390x)   |
 | `manylinux-armv7l-image`       | [`manylinux_2_31`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_31_armv7l)  |
 | `manylinux-riscv64-image`      | No default                                                      |
 | `manylinux-pypy_aarch64-image` | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_aarch64) |
-| `manylinux-pypy_i686-image`    | [`manylinux2014`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686)      |
+| `manylinux-pypy_i686-image`    | [`manylinux_2_28`](https://quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686)    |
 | `musllinux_x86_64-image`       | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64)    |
 | `musllinux-i686-image`         | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686)      |
 | `musllinux-aarch64-image`      | [`musllinux_1_2`](https://quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_aarch64)   |
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ The available options are:
 Set the Docker image to be used for building [manylinux / musllinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux) wheels.
 
 For `manylinux-*-image`, except `manylinux-armv7l-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux2014`, `manylinux_2_28` or `manylinux_2_34` to use a pinned version of the [official manylinux images](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux). Alternatively, set these options to any other valid Docker image name.
-`manylinux_2_28` and `manylinux_2_34` are not supported for `i686` architecture.
+`manylinux_2_34` is not supported for `i686` architecture.
 
 For `manylinux-armv7l-image`, the value of this option can either be set to `manylinux_2_31` or a custom image. Support is experimental for now. The `manylinux_2_31` value is only available for `armv7`.
 

test/test_manylinuxXXXX_only.py

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 def test(manylinux_image, tmp_path):
     if utils.get_platform() != "linux":
         pytest.skip("the container image test is only relevant to the linux build")
-    elif manylinux_image in {"manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_34"} and platform.machine() == "i686":
+    elif manylinux_image == "manylinux_2_34" and platform.machine() == "i686":
         pytest.skip(f"{manylinux_image} doesn't exist for i686 architecture")
 
     project_dir = tmp_path / "project"
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ def test(manylinux_image, tmp_path):
         "CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE": manylinux_image,
         "CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_I686_IMAGE": manylinux_image,
     }
-    if manylinux_image in {"manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_34"} and platform.machine() == "x86_64":
-        # We don't have a manylinux_2_28+ image for i686
+    if manylinux_image == "manylinux_2_34" and platform.machine() == "x86_64":
+        # We don't have a manylinux_2_34+ image for i686
         add_env["CIBW_ARCHS"] = "x86_64"
     if platform.machine() == "aarch64":
         # We just have a manylinux_2_31 image for armv7l
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ def test(manylinux_image, tmp_path):
         musllinux_versions=[],
     )
 
-    if manylinux_image in {"manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_34"} and platform.machine() == "x86_64":
-        # We don't have a manylinux_2_28+ image for i686
+    if manylinux_image == "manylinux_2_34" and platform.machine() == "x86_64":
+        # We don't have a manylinux_2_34+ image for i686
         expected_wheels = [w for w in expected_wheels if "i686" not in w]
 
     if platform.machine() == "aarch64":

test/utils.py

@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ def _expected_wheels(
     if manylinux_versions is None:
         manylinux_versions = {
             "armv7l": ["manylinux2014", "manylinux_2_17", "manylinux_2_31"],
-            "i686": ["manylinux1", "manylinux2014", "manylinux_2_17", "manylinux_2_5"],
+            "i686": ["manylinux1", "manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_5"],
             "x86_64": ["manylinux1", "manylinux_2_28", "manylinux_2_5"],
             "riscv64": ["manylinux_2_31", "manylinux_2_35"],
         }.get(machine_arch, ["manylinux2014", "manylinux_2_17", "manylinux_2_28"])

unit_test/main_tests/main_options_test.py

@@ -111,8 +111,9 @@ def test_empty_selector(monkeypatch):
         ("x86_64", "manylinux_2_28", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:*"),
         ("x86_64", "manylinux_2_34", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_34_x86_64:*"),
         ("x86_64", "custom_image", "custom_image"),
-        ("i686", None, "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:*"),
+        ("i686", None, "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:*"),
         ("i686", "manylinux2014", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686:*"),
+        ("i686", "manylinux_2_28", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686:*"),
         ("i686", "custom_image", "custom_image"),
         ("pypy_x86_64", None, "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64:*"),
         ("pypy_x86_64", "manylinux2014", "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64:*"),

unit_test/option_prepare_test.py

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ def test_build_default_launches(monkeypatch):
     assert identifiers == {f"{x}-manylinux_x86_64" for x in DEFAULT_IDS}
 
     kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[1][1]
-    assert "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
+    assert "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
     assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
     assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.i386
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ def test_build_with_override_launches(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
 
     build_in_container = typing.cast(mock.Mock, platforms.linux.build_in_container)
 
-    assert build_in_container.call_count == 6
+    assert build_in_container.call_count == 7
 
     kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[0][1]
     assert "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_x86_64" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
@@ -189,11 +189,19 @@ def test_build_with_override_launches(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
     assert "quay.io/pypa/manylinux2014_i686" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
     assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
     assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.i386
-
     identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
-    assert identifiers == {f"{x}-manylinux_i686" for x in ALL_IDS if "gp" not in x}
+    assert identifiers == {"cp38-manylinux_i686", "cp39-manylinux_i686"}
 
     kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[4][1]
+    assert "quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_i686" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
+    assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
+    assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.i386
+    identifiers = {x.identifier for x in kwargs["platform_configs"]}
+    assert identifiers == {
+        f"{x}-manylinux_i686" for x in ALL_IDS - {"cp38", "cp39"} if "gp" not in x
+    }
+
+    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[5][1]
     assert "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_x86_64" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
     assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
     assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.AMD64
@@ -202,7 +210,7 @@ def test_build_with_override_launches(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
         f"{x}-musllinux_x86_64" for x in ALL_IDS if "pp" not in x and "gp" not in x
     }
 
-    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[5][1]
+    kwargs = build_in_container.call_args_list[6][1]
     assert "quay.io/pypa/musllinux_1_2_i686" in kwargs["container"]["image"]
     assert kwargs["container"]["cwd"] == PurePosixPath("/project")
     assert kwargs["container"]["oci_platform"] == OCIPlatform.i386

unit_test/options_toml_test.py

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def test_simple_settings(tmp_path, platform, fname):
     assert options_reader.get("test-groups", option_format=ListFormat(" ")) == "three four"
 
     assert options_reader.get("manylinux-x86_64-image") == "manylinux_2_28"
-    assert options_reader.get("manylinux-i686-image") == "manylinux2014"
+    assert options_reader.get("manylinux-i686-image") == "manylinux_2_28"
 
     with pytest.raises(OptionsReaderError):
         # fails because the option is a table and the option_format only works with lists
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ def test_envvar_override(tmp_path, platform):
 
     assert options_reader.get("build") == "cp38*"
     assert options_reader.get("manylinux-x86_64-image") == "manylinux_2_24"
-    assert options_reader.get("manylinux-i686-image") == "manylinux2014"
+    assert options_reader.get("manylinux-i686-image") == "manylinux_2_28"
 
     assert (
         options_reader.get("xbuild-tools", option_format=ListFormat(" ", quote=shlex.quote))